Cable Construction & Cable Selection- Part:1

Cable Construction:

Parts of Cable:

Conductor (For LV/MV/HT Cables)
Conductor Screen (For MV/HT Cables)
Filler & Binding Tapes (For LV/MV/HT Cables)
Insulation (For LV/MV/HT Cables)
Insulation Screen (For MV/HT Cables)
Separation Tape (For MV/HT Cables)
Bedding (Inner Sheath)
Metallic Sheen (For MV/HT Cables)
Armor (For LV/MV/HT Cables)
Outer Sheath (For LV/MV/HT Cables)
Water Blocking Tapes –Optional (For MV/HT Cables)
Insulation Tapes–Optional (For MV/HT Cables)

(1) Conductors:

Code: IS:8130 / IEC 60228/ BS 6360
Material: Class 2 – Annealed Plain / Tinned Copper / Aluminum.
Used for : LV ,MV & HV Cables
Purpose:
Usually stranded copper (Cu) or aluminum (Al) is used.
Copper is denser and heavier, but more conductive than aluminum.
Electrically equivalent aluminum conductors have a cross-sectional area approximately 1.6 times larger than copper, but half the weight.
The size of the copper / Aluminum conductor forming one of the cores of a cable is expressed in square millimeters (mm2), and the current rating of the cable is dependent upon the cross-sectional area of each core.
Multi core Aluminum or copper conductor are produced by two Shapes
Circular Conductor: multi layers of stranded wires are assembled together to make circular shape.
To achieve a circular conductor, the number of strands follows a particular progression: 3, 7, 19, 37, 61, and 127 etc, the diameter of each strand being chosen to achieve the desired cross-sectional area of whole conductor.
Circular Shape conductor is normally available used up to 200mm2
Segment Conductor: Five segments of compacted conductor in triangle shape of 72 degree are assembled together with separation of non metallic tapes to reduce the skin effect which reduce the AC conductor resistance.
Larger sizes have conductors with the strands laid up in a segmental formation; this Cables achieves a better space factor and reduces the overall diameter of the cable. It also reduces the inductance of the cable due to decreased spacing between phases
Segmental conductor is normally available from 1000 mm2 and above

(2) Conductor Screen (Semi Conductor Screen):

Code: IS:7098/IEC:60502/ BS:6622/BS:7835
Material: Extruded thermo set semi-conducting compound, Carbon paper and carbon loaded polymer.
Used for : Cable from 6 to 30kV (MV & HV Cables)
Purpose:
This screen consists of a lapped copper tape or metallic foil usually less than 1.0mm in thickness, which is the interface between the conductor and the insulation (PVC, XLPE).
The Main Purpose of Conductor Screen is to maintain a uniformly divergent electric field, and to contain the electric field within the cable core.
Conductor Screen is semi-conducting material because Semi-conducting materials do not conduct electricity well enough to be a conductor but will not hold back voltage. It “smoothes” out the surface irregularities of the conductor. The conductor shield makes the voltage on the inside of the insulation the same
Semiconducting screening materials are based on carbon black that is dispersed within a polymer matrix. The concentration of carbon black needs to be sufficiently high to ensure an adequate and consistent conductivity.
The incorporation must be optimized to provide a smooth interface between the conducting and insulating portions of the cable.
The smooth surface is important as it decreases the occurrence of regions of high electrical stress.
Control Electrical Field: Conductor Screen is control the electric field within the insulation and thus the same voltage gradient across it. It also avoids any interaction of the electric stresses due to the voltages on different phase conductors within the same cable.
Reduce Voltage Stress Conductor Screen helps to reduce voltage stress at the interface between the conducting and insulating components.
A typical construction for a medium voltage cable consists of an aluminum conductor covered by a screening layer, then by a polyethylene or ethylene propylene rubber insulation followed by a further screening layer. The coefficient of expansion of the insulation layer is typically ten times greater than that of the aluminum and when the cable is at its maximum operating temperature of 90ºC, a large enough gap can formed to allow electrical discharges to occur. The semi-conducting layer then serves to even out the stresses associated with these discharges, which would otherwise attack the insulation at specific points.

Uniform Electrical Field: A Black semi-conducting tape is used to maintain a uniform electric field and minimize electrostatic stresses in MV/HV power cables.
The external surfaces of the conductor may not be smooth, particularly for stranded conductors, so this layer provides a smooth surface at the same potential as the conductor to keep the electric field consistent all the way around the surface. Without this layer, any small peaks or troughs could cause concentrations of electrical energy which could create small arcs, and over time could erode the insulation layer and cause failure of the cable.
Reduce Electrical Flux line around the each core: : It Provide a cylindrical, smooth surface between the conductor and insulation
Semi-conducting compounds also have the effect of filling in the interstices of the conductor giving a smooth surface for the insulation. This reduces the electrical flux lines around each individual wire that make up the conductor, which can reduce the stress by 10-15%.

(3) Filler & Binding Tap (Laying-Up):

Material: Non Hygroscopic PVC / Poly propylene Fiber to maintain roundness of cable.
Used for : LV,MV & HV Cables
Purpose:
In case of three core cables, the three cores are laid up with polymer compound or non-hygroscopic fillers like polypropylene (PP) fillers and a binder tape is applied with an overlap to provide a circular shape to the cable.
These binder tapes can be of PVC or foamed Polyethylene.
Inner Sheath (Bedding) for Armored Cables. Extruded layer of PVC or PE is applied over the laid up cores for armored cables.

(4) Insulation:

Code: IS: 7098, 8130, 14494 / IEC: 60502 / BS: 6622/BS: 7835.
Material: PVC, XLPE, Rubber, Elastomer, EPR.
Used for : LV ,MV & HV Cables
Purpose:
Insulation main Purpose is to withstand the electrical field applied to the cable for its design life in its intended installed environment
This will be an extruded layer of XLPE, Elastomer, Rubber or PVC applied over conductor screen under triple extrusion process along with conductor screen and insulation screen.
There are different Type of Insulation Material used for cable but widely used are

(A) Cross-linked polyethylene: (XLPE)

They are known as PEX or XLPE Cable. It is form of polyethylene with cross links.
XLPE creates by direct links or bonds between the carbon backbones of individual polyethylene chains forms the cross linked polyethylene structure.
The result of this linkage is to restrict movement of the polyethylene chains relative to each other, so that when heat or other forms of energy are applied the basic network structure cannot deform and the excellent properties that polyethylene has at room temperature are retained at higher temperatures.
The cross linking of the molecules also has the effect of enhancing room temperature properties.
The useful properties of XLPE are temperature resistance, pressure resistance (stress rupture resistance), environmental stress crack resistance (esc), and resistance to UV light, chemical resistance, oxidation resistance, room temperature and low temperature properties.
XLPE cables work for the working voltage of 240 V to 500 KV.
The Jacketing Material can be of PVC / Flame Retardant / Flame Retardant Low Smoke / Zero Halogen (LSOH).
Applications: Fire Survival, Under Water Cables, Underground burial, installation on trays and ducts.

(B) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

They are known as PVC insulated cables are widely used in various fields.
PVC’s relatively low cost, biological and chemical resistance and workability have resulted in it being used for a wide variety of applications.
For electric cables the PVC is mixed up with plasticizers. PVC has high tensile strength, superior conductivity, better flexibility and ease of jointing.
PVC is a thermoplastic material, therefore care must be taken not to overheat it; it is suitable for conductor temperatures up to 70°C. PVC insulated cables should not be laid when the temperature is less than 0ºC because it becomes brittle and is liable to crack.
Applications: Low voltage copper conductor PVC cables are extensively used for domestic home appliances wiring, house wiring and internal wiring for lighting circuits in factories, power supply for office automation, in control, instrumentation, submarine, mining, ship wiring applications etc.

(C) Elastomer Insulated cable

These cables are suitable for use where the combination of ambient temperature and temperature-rise due to load results in conductor temperature not exceeding 90°C under normal operation and 250°C under short-circuit conditions.
This insulation shall be so applied that it fits closely on the conductor (with or without either separator or screen) but shall not adhere to it. The insulation, unless applied by extrusion, shall be applied in two or more layers and it is applicable to cables with a rated voltage up to 1 100 volts.
Applications: Welding Cables, Ship wiring cables, Pressure Tight Cables and cables for submerged connection, Railways locomotives and coach wiring cables, Mining Cables.

(D) Polyvinyl chloride (EPR).

For high-voltage cables the insulation is ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) and for low-voltage cables it is polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
EPR has good electrical properties and is resistant to heat and chemicals; it is suitable for a conductor temperature up to 85 ºC.

(E) Rubber Insulated cable

These are used in electric utilities such as the generation and transmission of electricity. Long service life under normal environment in Nuclear and conventionally powered generating stations plus safety considerations are the significant factors of these electric appliances.
When exposed to fire, Silicon offers circuit integrity, low smoke evolution, and freedom from halogen acids